Deciduous
Trees

Trees listed below are hardy to Zone 3B. See Canada Plant Hardiness Zone map. Click here

Acer ginnala, Amur maple, Siberian maple
Acer negundo, boxelder, ash-leaved maple, Manitoba maple, maple ash
Acer rubrum, red maple, swamp maple, soft maple
Acer saccharinum, silver maple, creek maple, silverleaf maple
Acer tataricum, Tatarian maple
Aesculus glabra, Ohio buckeye, American buckeye or fetid buckeye
Alnus, alder
Amelanchier grandiflora, serviceberry, or apple serviceberry
Betula papyrifera, paper birch, canoe birch or white birch
Caragana arborescens, Siberian pea-tree, Siberian pea-shrub, or Caragana
Celtis occidentalis, common hackberry, Northern hackberry
Crataegus, hawthorn, maybush
Elaeagnus angustifolia, Russian olive or oleaster.
Fraxinus pennsylvanica, green ash or red ash
Malus, apple trees, crabapples.
Populus balsamifera, balsam poplar or balm of Gilead
Populus tremuloides, quaking aspen or trembling aspen
Prunus maackii, Manchurian cherry or Amur chokecherry,
Prunus pensylvanica, pin cherry or fire cherry
Pyrus ussuriensis, Ussurian pear or Harbin pear
Quercus ellipsoidalis, Northern pin oak or Hill’s oak
Quercus macrocarpa, bur oak
Salix pentandra, bay willow or laurel willow
Sorbus americana, American mountain ash,
Sorbus aucuparia, rowan, mountain ash, or European rowan
Sorbus decora, showy mountain ash
Syringa reticulata, Japanese tree lilac
Tilia americana, American basswood, American linden, or basswood
Tilia cordata, small-leaved lime, littleleaf linden, or linden
Ulmus americana, American elm or white elm

Acer ginnala

Acer ginnala, commonly known as Amur maple or Siberian maple, is a species of small deciduous tree or large shrub native to northeastern Asia, particularly Siberia, Mongolia, and northern China.

Description and Characteristics: Leaves: The leaves of Amur maple are opposite, simple, and palmately lobed with 3 lobes. They are typically 3-lobed but can occasionally have 5 lobes. The leaves are medium green in summer and turn vibrant shades of yellow, orange, or red in the fall, providing excellent autumn color. Flowers: Small, fragrant, yellow to creamy-white flowers appear in spring before the leaves emerge. The flowers are borne in erect clusters (racemes) and are attractive to bees and other pollinators. Fruits: The fruits of Amur maple are paired samaras (winged seeds) that ripen in late summer to early fall. They are light green when immature and turn reddish as they mature. The seeds are dispersed by wind. Bark: The bark of young Amur maples is smooth and grayish-brown, becoming fissured and more textured with age. Growth Habit: Amur maple typically grows as a multi-stemmed shrub or small tree, reaching heights of 5-10 meters (15-30 feet) tall. It has a rounded to oval crown with dense branching.

Habitat and Distribution: Climate: Amur maple is adaptable to a variety of climates and soil conditions. It tolerates cold winters and hot summers, making it suitable for temperate and continental climates. Range: Native to northeastern Asia, Amur maple has been widely planted as an ornamental tree in gardens and parks across North America, Europe, and other temperate regions. It is naturalized in some areas outside its native range.

Ecological and Economic Importance: Ornamental Use: Amur maple is valued for its attractive foliage, spring flowers, and vibrant fall color. It is planted as a specimen tree or in mixed borders and is suitable for small gardens and urban landscapes. Wildlife Habitat: The seeds of Amur maple are eaten by birds and small mammals, aiding in seed dispersal. The flowers attract pollinators, contributing to local biodiversity. Wood: The wood of Amur maple is fine-grained but not commercially important due to its small size and typically multi-stemmed growth habit.

Conservation and Management: Amur maple is not considered invasive but can spread in favorable conditions. It is generally well-behaved in gardens and landscapes but should be monitored in natural areas to prevent unintended spread.

— Amur maple, or Acer ginnala, is prized for its ornamental value, adaptability, and ability to thrive in diverse climates and soil conditions. Its compact size, attractive foliage, and seasonal interest make it a popular choice for gardens and urban landscapes worldwide.

Acer negundo

Acer negundo, commonly known as boxelder, ash-leaved maple, or Manitoba maple, is a species of maple native to North America. It is a deciduous tree that belongs to the Sapindaceae family.

Description and Characteristics: Leaves: The leaves of boxelder are opposite, compound, and typically have 3-7 leaflets. Each leaflet is lanceolate to ovate in shape with serrated margins. The foliage is light green in spring and summer, turning yellow or pale green in the fall before dropping. Flowers: Small, inconspicuous flowers appear in early spring before the leaves emerge. They are yellowish-green and arranged in clusters (panicles). Fruits: The fruits are paired samaras (winged seeds) that ripen in late summer to early fall. They are green when immature and turn brown as they mature. The seeds are dispersed by wind. Bark: The bark of boxelder is gray to light brown with shallow furrows and ridges. It tends to have a rough texture, especially on older trees. Growth Habit: Boxelder is a fast-growing tree that typically reaches heights of 15-25 meters (50-80 feet) tall. It has a rounded to irregular crown with spreading branches.

Habitat and Distribution: Climate: Boxelder is adaptable to a wide range of climates and soil conditions, from moist bottomlands to dry uplands. It tolerates urban pollution and is often found along roadsides, in parks, and in disturbed areas. Range: Native to North America, boxelder is found throughout the United States and southern Canada.

Ecological and Economic Importance: Wildlife Habitat: Boxelder provides food and habitat for various wildlife species. Birds, squirrels, and other small mammals feed on the seeds. The foliage supports insects and caterpillars, which in turn are food sources for birds. Ornamental Use: While not as commonly planted as other maples due to its weedy growth habit, boxelder is sometimes used in landscaping for its rapid growth and tolerance of poor soils. It is also used in land reclamation and erosion control projects. Wood: The wood of boxelder is lightweight, soft, and not commercially valuable. It has been historically used for crates, pallets, and inexpensive furniture.

Conservation and Management: Boxelder is considered a weedy species in some areas and can become invasive in disturbed habitats. Management efforts focus on controlling its spread in natural areas while recognizing its ecological value in urban and disturbed landscapes.

— Boxelder, or Acer negundo, is a resilient tree that plays a role in supporting wildlife and providing ecological benefits in various landscapes across its native range. While it is not widely planted for timber or ornamental purposes, it contributes to biodiversity and habitat diversity in North American ecosystems.

Acer rubrum

Acer rubrum, commonly known as red maple or swamp maple, is a deciduous tree native to eastern North America. It belongs to the genus Acer within the family Sapindaceae.

Description and Characteristics: Leaves: The leaves of red maple are opposite and typically palmately lobed with 3 or 5 lobes. They are medium to dark green in color, turning brilliant shades of red, orange, or yellow in the fall, making it one of the most colorful maples in autumn. Flowers: Red maple produces small, red to greenish-yellow flowers in early spring before the leaves emerge. The flowers are borne in dense clusters (umbels) and are an important early nectar source for bees and other pollinators. Fruits: The fruits of red maple are double-winged samaras (seeds) that ripen in late spring to early summer. They are reddish to brown in color and are dispersed by wind. Bark: The bark of young red maples is smooth and grayish-brown, becoming rougher and darker with age, developing shallow furrows and ridges. Growth Habit: Red maple is a medium to large-sized tree that typically grows 18-27 meters (60-90 feet) tall, with a rounded to oval crown. It has a relatively fast growth rate compared to other hardwood species.

Habitat and Distribution: Climate: Red maple is adaptable to a variety of climates and soil conditions. It can be found in moist to wet soils, including swamps, floodplains, and uplands, but it also tolerates dry, sandy soils and urban conditions. Range: Native to eastern North America, red maple is found from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia west to Ontario and Minnesota, and south to Florida and eastern Texas. It is one of the most widespread and abundant native trees in its range.

Ecological and Economic Importance: Wildlife Habitat: Red maple provides food and habitat for various wildlife species. Birds and small mammals feed on the seeds, while the flowers and buds are important food sources for early spring pollinators. Timber: The wood of red maple is moderately hard and used for furniture, cabinetry, flooring, and veneer. It is also used for pulpwood and fuelwood. Ornamental Use: Red maple is valued as an ornamental tree in landscaping for its attractive fall foliage and adaptability to diverse growing conditions. It is planted as a shade tree, street tree, and in parks and gardens.

Conservation and Management: Red maple is not considered threatened or endangered. It is valued for its ecological role in natural ecosystems and its economic and aesthetic benefits in urban and rural landscapes.

— Red maple, or Acer rubrum, is appreciated for its vibrant autumn colors, adaptability, and ecological contributions across its native range in North America. Its tolerance of diverse growing conditions makes it a versatile and popular choice for both naturalistic plantings and cultivated landscapes.

Acer saccharinum

Acer saccharinum, commonly known as silver maple, is a species of deciduous tree native to eastern and central North America. It belongs to the genus Acer within the family Sapindaceae.

Description and Characteristics: Leaves: The leaves of silver maple are opposite and palmately lobed with 5 lobes. They are light green in color and have deeply cut sinuses between the lobes, giving them a delicate, feathery appearance. The leaves turn pale yellow or brown in the fall before dropping. Flowers: Silver maple produces small, inconspicuous flowers in early spring before the leaves emerge. The flowers are red or yellowish and borne in clusters (umbels). Fruits: The fruits are paired samaras (winged seeds) that ripen in late spring to early summer. They are light green when immature and turn reddish-brown as they mature. The seeds are dispersed by wind. Bark: The bark of silver maple is smooth and grayish-brown on young stems, becoming darker and more fissured with age. Growth Habit: Silver maple is a fast-growing, medium to large-sized tree that typically reaches heights of 15-25 meters (50-80 feet) tall, with a wide-spreading crown. It has a relatively short lifespan compared to other hardwood species.

Habitat and Distribution: Climate: Silver maple is adaptable to a variety of climates and soil conditions. It prefers moist to wet soils and is often found along rivers, streams, floodplains, and in low-lying areas. It can also tolerate drier upland soils and urban environments. Range: Native to eastern and central North America, silver maple is found from the Maritime provinces of Canada south to Florida and west to Texas and Minnesota. It is particularly common in the eastern United States and the Great Lakes region.

Ecological and Economic Importance: Wildlife Habitat: Silver maple provides food and habitat for various wildlife species. Birds, squirrels, and other small mammals feed on the seeds, while the buds and flowers are important early spring food sources for pollinators. Timber: The wood of silver maple is soft, lightweight, and not as commercially valuable as other hardwoods. It is used for furniture, cabinetry, veneer, and pulpwood. Urban Landscaping: Despite its tendency to develop weak wood and drop branches, silver maple is planted in urban and suburban areas for its fast growth and shade-providing qualities. It is also used in windbreaks and along roadsides.

Conservation and Management: Silver maple is not considered threatened or endangered. However, it can be susceptible to storm damage and disease, particularly when planted in urban environments.

— Silver maple, or Acer saccharinum, is valued for its rapid growth, adaptability to various environments, and ecological contributions in natural ecosystems and urban landscapes. Its attractive foliage and shade make it a popular choice for parks, gardens, and residential areas, despite its potential challenges with structural integrity in urban settings.

Acer tataricum

Acer tataricum, commonly known as Tatar maple, is a species of maple native to central and southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia. It belongs to the genus Acer within the family Sapindaceae.

Description and Characteristics: Leaves: The leaves of Tatar maple are opposite, simple, and palmately lobed with 5-7 lobes. They are medium green in color, turning yellow, orange, or red in the fall, providing attractive autumn foliage. Flowers: Small, yellowish-green to creamy-white flowers appear in spring before the leaves emerge. They are arranged in clusters (corymbs) and are pollinated by insects. Fruits: The fruits are paired samaras (winged seeds) that ripen in late summer to early fall. They are green when immature and turn brown as they mature. The seeds are dispersed by wind. Bark: The bark of Tatar maple is smooth and grayish-brown on young stems, becoming fissured and rougher with age. Growth Habit: Tatar maple is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree, typically growing 6-10 meters (20-30 feet) tall. It has a rounded to spreading crown with multiple stems arising from the base.

Habitat and Distribution: Climate: Tatar maple is adaptable to a range of climates, from temperate to continental. It prefers well-drained soils and is often found in open woodlands, forest edges, and rocky slopes. Range: Native to central and southeastern Europe, Tatar maple extends into parts of southwestern Asia, including Turkey, the Caucasus region, and Iran. It has been introduced and cultivated in other parts of the world for its ornamental value.

Ecological and Economic Importance: Wildlife Habitat: Tatar maple provides food and habitat for various wildlife species. Birds and small mammals feed on the seeds, while the foliage supports insects and other invertebrates. Ornamental Use: Tatar maple is valued as an ornamental tree in gardens and landscapes for its attractive foliage, spring flowers, and fall color. It is planted as a specimen tree or in mixed borders. Wood: The wood of Tatar maple is not commercially significant due to its small size, but it has been historically used for small wooden items and crafts.

Conservation and Management: Tatar maple is not considered threatened or endangered. Conservation efforts focus on maintaining healthy populations in natural habitats and promoting its use in sustainable landscaping practices.

— Tatar maple, or Acer tataricum, is appreciated for its ornamental qualities, adaptability, and ecological benefits in its native range and beyond. Its colorful foliage and spring flowers make it a desirable addition to gardens and urban landscapes, providing aesthetic value and supporting local biodiversity.

Aesculus glabra

Aesculus glabra, commonly known as Ohio buckeye or American buckeye, is a species of deciduous tree native to eastern and central North America.

Description and Characteristics: Leaves: The leaves of Ohio buckeye are palmately compound with 5-7 leaflets. Each leaflet is ovate to lanceolate in shape, with serrated margins. The leaves are dark green in color and turn yellow or golden brown in the fall before dropping. Flowers: Ohio buckeye produces showy, upright clusters (panicles) of pale yellow to greenish-yellow flowers in spring, typically in April to May. The flowers are tubular and have a somewhat unpleasant odor, attracting pollinators such as bees and butterflies. Fruits: The fruits are distinctive, round to oblong capsules covered with a thick, leathery husk. Each capsule contains 1-2 shiny brown seeds (buckeyes) that are toxic to humans and many animals if ingested. Bark: The bark of young Ohio buckeye trees is smooth and grayish-brown, becoming rougher and fissured with age. Growth Habit: Ohio buckeye is a medium-sized tree that typically grows 10-20 meters (30-60 feet) tall, with a rounded to irregular crown. It has a relatively short lifespan compared to some other hardwood species.

Habitat and Distribution: Climate: Ohio buckeye is adapted to a variety of climates, from humid continental to subtropical regions. It prefers moist, well-drained soils and is often found in floodplains, bottomlands, and along stream banks. Range: Native to eastern and central North America.

Ecological and Economic Importance: Wildlife Habitat: Ohio buckeye provides food and habitat for various wildlife species. Birds and small mammals eat the seeds, although they are primarily dispersed by gravity and water. Ornamental Use: Despite its toxicity, Ohio buckeye is valued as an ornamental tree in gardens and landscapes for its attractive flowers and foliage. It is planted as a shade tree and specimen tree, particularly in naturalistic or native plant gardens. Wood: The wood of Ohio buckeye is lightweight, soft, and not commercially valuable. It has been historically used for small wooden items and novelty crafts.

Cultural Significance: Ohio buckeye has cultural significance among indigenous peoples and early settlers, who used the seeds for various purposes, including as a traditional medicine for rheumatism and other ailments (when properly prepared to remove toxins).

Conservation and Management: Ohio buckeye is not considered threatened or endangered. Conservation efforts focus on maintaining healthy populations in natural habitats and promoting its use in landscaping and reforestation projects.

— Ohio buckeye, or Aesculus glabra, is valued for its ecological contributions, ornamental qualities, and cultural significance in North America. Its distinctive appearance, spring flowers, and tolerance of diverse growing conditions make it a noteworthy species in both natural and cultivated landscapes.

Alnus

Alnus, commonly known as alder, is a genus of flowering plants in the birch family, Betulaceae. Alders are primarily found in the Northern Hemisphere and are notable for their ecological importance, especially in riparian (riverbank) ecosystems. Here are key points about alders:

Description. Leaves: Alders have simple, alternate leaves that are usually serrated (toothed) and often sticky when young. Flowers: They produce catkins, with male and female flowers typically found on the same tree. Male catkins are long and pendulous, while female catkins are smaller and cone-like. Bark: The bark is often smooth and gray or brown, sometimes becoming fissured with age. Roots: Alders have a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Frankia alni), which form nodules on their roots and enrich the soil with nitrogen.

Habitat. Moisture: Alders prefer moist environments and are often found along rivers, streams, and wetlands. Soil: Adaptable to various soil types but prefers moist, well-drained soils. Sunlight: Prefers full sunlight but can tolerate partial shade. Water: Requires regular moisture, especially when young. Location: They are distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with species found in North America, Europe, and Asia.

Longevity. Age: Alders are generally fast-growing but relatively short-lived trees, with lifespans typically ranging from 20 to 100 years, depending on the species and growing conditions. Adaptations. Nitrogen Fixation: Their ability to fix nitrogen allows them to thrive in poor soils and improve soil fertility for other plants. Pioneer Species: Alders are often pioneer species, quickly colonizing disturbed or degraded areas and stabilizing soil with their extensive root systems.

Conservation. Importance: Alders play a critical role in ecosystem function, particularly in riparian zones where they prevent erosion, improve water quality, and provide habitat for wildlife. Importance. Ecological: They are vital for maintaining healthy waterways and supporting diverse plant and animal communities. The nitrogen-fixing ability helps improve soil conditions for other plants. Economic: Alder wood is used for furniture, cabinetry, and other woodworking projects. Some species are also used in reforestation and land reclamation projects.

Uses. Timber: Alder wood is valued for its workability and finish, often used in furniture making, cabinetry, and even for smoking food. Environmental: Used in restoration projects to stabilize soil and improve habitat quality. Medicinal: Some species have been used in traditional medicine for their astringent and anti-inflammatory properties.

— Alders are remarkable for their ecological contributions, particularly their role in nitrogen fixation and habitat improvement. They are essential components of riparian ecosystems and valuable for both their environmental and economic benefits.

Amelanchier grandiflora

Amelanchier grandiflora, commonly known as the snowy mespilus or grandiflora serviceberry, is a deciduous shrub or small tree belonging to the Rosaceae family. Native to North America, particularly regions of Canada and the United States, it is prized for its ornamental qualities and ecological benefits.

Description and Characteristics: Leaves: The leaves are oval to elliptical, finely toothed, and alternate on the stems. They emerge reddish-bronze in spring, turn dark green in summer, and often develop attractive shades of yellow, orange, or red in the fall. Flowers: Snowy mespilus produces showy, fragrant white flowers that are larger than those of other Amelanchier species. The flowers appear in dense clusters (racemes) in early to mid-spring, before the leaves fully emerge. Fruits: The fruits are small, round berries that ripen from green to red to dark purple-black as they mature in early summer. They are edible and attract birds, which aid in seed dispersal. Bark: The bark is smooth and gray-brown on younger stems, becoming more fissured and rougher with age. Growth Habit: Amelanchier grandiflora typically grows as a multi-stemmed shrub or small tree, reaching heights of 3-6 meters (10-20 feet).

Habitat and Distribution: Climate: Snowy mespilus thrives in temperate climates and is adaptable to a range of soil conditions, from moist to well-drained, acidic to slightly alkaline. Range: Native to eastern North America.

Ecological and Economic Importance: Wildlife Habitat: The fruits of snowy mespilus are an important food source for birds, including robins, thrushes, and cedar waxwings. The flowers attract pollinators, such as bees and butterflies. Ornamental Use: Amelanchier grandiflora is valued for its ornamental qualities in gardens and landscapes. It is planted as a specimen shrub or small tree for its attractive flowers, colorful foliage, and ornamental berries. Erosion Control: Its fibrous root system helps stabilize soils, making it useful for erosion control on slopes and in disturbed areas.

Cultural Significance: Snowy mespilus has cultural significance among indigenous peoples of North America, who historically used the berries for food and the wood for various tools and implements.

Conservation and Management: Amelanchier grandiflora is not considered threatened or endangered. Conservation efforts focus on preserving genetic diversity in natural populations and promoting its use in urban and suburban landscapes.

— Snowy mespilus, or Amelanchier grandiflora, is valued for its ecological benefits, ornamental appeal, and cultural significance in North America. Its spring flowers, colorful foliage, and edible berries make it a desirable addition to gardens and natural landscapes alike.

Betula papyrifera

Betula papyrifera, commonly known as paper birch or white birch, is a species of deciduous tree native to North America. It is known for its distinctive white bark, papery bark that peels in thin layers, and its ecological, cultural, and practical uses.

Description and Characteristics: Bark: The bark of paper birch is one of its most distinctive features. It is smooth, thin, and papery, typically white with black horizontal lines (lenticels) that become more pronounced with age. The bark peels in thin, curly sheets. Leaves: The leaves are simple, alternate, and triangular-ovate in shape with doubly serrated margins. They are bright green in the spring and summer, turning yellow in the fall before dropping. Flowers and Fruits: Paper birch is monoecious, meaning it has separate male and female flowers on the same tree. The flowers are wind-pollinated and appear in early spring before the leaves. The fruits are small, cone-like structures (catkins) containing tiny winged seeds that are dispersed by the wind. Growth Habit: Paper birch typically grows 20-30 meters (65-100 feet) tall, with a slender trunk and a narrow, pyramidal crown when young, becoming more irregular with age.

Habitat and Distribution: Climate: Paper birch is adapted to a wide range of climates, from cool temperate to subarctic regions. It prefers well-drained, moist soils and is commonly found in riparian zones, bogs, and other moist habitats. Range: Native to northern and central North America, paper birch ranges from Alaska and Canada southward into the northern United States.

Ecological and Economic Importance: Wildlife Habitat: Paper birch provides food and habitat for various wildlife species. Birds such as chickadees, woodpeckers, and finches feed on the seeds and insects found in the bark. Moose and deer browse on the foliage. Soil Stabilization: The shallow root system of paper birch helps stabilize soils, making it valuable for erosion control along waterways and in disturbed areas.

Cultural and Practical Uses: Paper birch has cultural significance among indigenous peoples of North America, who historically used the bark for making canoes, containers, and shelter coverings. The bark is still used today in crafts and decorative applications. Ornamental Use: Paper birch is valued as an ornamental tree for its attractive bark, especially in winter when the white bark stands out against the snow. It is planted in parks, gardens, and landscapes for its aesthetic appeal and shade.

Conservation and Management: Paper birch is generally not threatened or endangered across its native range. However, like many tree species, it faces threats from habitat loss, climate change, and pests such as the bronze birch borer (Agrilus anxius).

— Paper birch, or Betula papyrifera, is a culturally significant and ecologically important tree in North America. Its distinctive bark, adaptability, and practical uses contribute to its value in both natural and human-managed landscapes.

Caragana arborescens

Caragana arborescens, commonly known as Siberian pea-tree, Siberian pea-shrub, or simply caragana, is a species of leguminous shrub native to Siberia and parts of China. It has been widely introduced and naturalized in many other parts of the world, including North America, where it is valued for its ornamental, ecological, and practical uses.

Description and Characteristics: Leaves: The leaves are compound, alternate, and pinnately compound with small oval leaflets. They are bright green and turn yellow in the fall before dropping. Flowers: Bright yellow flowers bloom in spring, appearing in clusters along the branches. The flowers are pea-like in shape and are attractive to pollinators. Fruits: The fruits are small, flat pods containing pea-like seeds. They ripen in summer and persist on the plant into fall. Bark: The bark of older stems is smooth and grayish-brown, becoming more rough and fissured with age. Growth Habit: Caragana arborescens is a deciduous shrub that can grow into a small tree, reaching heights of 3-5 meters (10-16 feet) tall.

Habitat and Distribution: Climate: Caragana arborescens is adaptable to a range of climates, from cold temperate to semi-arid regions. It is tolerant of drought and can thrive in poor, sandy, or alkaline soils. Range: Native to Siberia and parts of China, caragana has been widely planted and naturalized in other regions, including North America, Europe, and Australia.

Ecological and Economic Importance: Wildlife Habitat: Caragana arborescens provides food and habitat for wildlife. Birds and small mammals feed on the seeds, and the dense branches offer cover and nesting sites. Soil Stabilization: The deep roots of caragana help stabilize soils, making it useful for erosion control and land reclamation in disturbed areas. Windbreak and Shelterbelt: Caragana is commonly planted as a windbreak or shelterbelt in agricultural landscapes. Its dense growth and tolerance of harsh conditions make it effective at reducing wind speed and protecting crops and livestock.

Ornamental and Practical Uses: Landscaping: Caragana arborescens is valued as an ornamental shrub or small tree in landscaping for its attractive yellow flowers in spring and drought tolerance. It is used in gardens, parks, and along roadsides. Firewood: The wood of caragana is dense and burns well, making it suitable for firewood and charcoal production in some regions.

Conservation and Management: Caragana arborescens is not considered invasive in most areas where it has been introduced. However, in some regions with favorable conditions, it can spread and potentially outcompete native vegetation.

— Caragana arborescens, or Siberian pea-tree, is valued for its ecological benefits, ornamental value, and practical uses in agriculture and landscaping. Its adaptability and resilience make it a versatile plant for various environmental and human needs across different regions.

Celtis occidentalis

Celtis occidentalis, commonly known as the common hackberry, is a species of deciduous tree native to North America.

Description and Characteristics: Leaves: The leaves are alternate, ovate to lanceolate in shape, with serrated margins. They are typically dark green in color and turn yellow in the fall before dropping. Bark: The bark of common hackberry is distinctive, gray to light brown, and corky with warty ridges and furrows as the tree matures. Flowers: Inconspicuous flowers bloom in spring. They are small and greenish, appearing in clusters. Fruits: The fruits are small, round drupes that ripen to a purple-red color. They are edible for wildlife and persist on the tree through the winter. Growth Habit: Common hackberry is a medium to large-sized tree, reaching heights of 15-24 meters (50-80 feet) tall.

Habitat and Distribution: Climate: Common hackberry is adaptable to a wide range of climates, from moist bottomlands to dry uplands. It is commonly found along streams, floodplains, and in disturbed areas. Range: Native to eastern and central North America.

Ecological and Economic Importance: Wildlife Habitat: The fruits of common hackberry are an important food source for birds, including robins, cedar waxwings, and finches. Small mammals and deer also feed on the fruits. Wood: The wood of common hackberry is durable and tough, but it is not commercially valuable due to its relatively small size and occasional use in woodworking for small projects. Urban Landscaping: Common hackberry is planted as a shade tree in urban and suburban areas due to its tolerance of urban conditions, such as air pollution and compacted soils.

Conservation and Management: Common hackberry is not considered threatened or endangered. However, it is susceptible to various diseases and pests, including hackberry nipple gall and various fungi.

Cultural Significance: Common hackberry has cultural significance among indigenous peoples, who historically used the tree for a variety of purposes, including medicinal remedies, basketry, and tool handles.

— Common hackberry, or Celtis occidentalis, is valued for its ecological contributions, including providing food and habitat for wildlife, and its practical use in landscaping and cultural traditions. Its adaptability and resilience make it a versatile tree in diverse ecosystems across North America.

Crataegus

Crataegus, commonly known as hawthorn, is a genus of shrubs and small trees in the family Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. These plants are known for their dense, thorny branches, small pome fruits (similar to apples), and clusters of white or pinkish flowers.

Description and Characteristics: Leaves: The leaves of hawthorns are typically oval to lanceolate, with serrated edges. They are alternate on the stem and often have a glossy green appearance. Flowers: Hawthorn flowers are small, usually white or pinkish, and have a strong fragrance. They are clustered together in dense corymbs, appearing in late spring to early summer. Fruits: The fruits of hawthorns are pomes, which resemble small apples or berries. They vary in color from red to orange or black, depending on the species and cultivar. The fruits are often persistent on the tree into winter and are an important food source for birds and other wildlife. Thorns: Many species of Crataegus have sharp thorns on their branches, which serve as protection against browsing animals. Growth Habit: Hawthorns vary widely in size and habit, ranging from low-growing shrubs to small trees up to 10 meters (30 feet) tall. They often have a dense, rounded crown.

Habitat and Distribution: Climate: Hawthorns are adaptable to a range of climates, from temperate to subtropical regions. They are commonly found in hedgerows, woodlands, and disturbed habitats. Range: The genus Crataegus is widespread across Europe, Asia, and North America.

Ecological and Economic Importance: Wildlife Habitat: Hawthorns are valuable for wildlife, providing food and shelter. Birds, small mammals, and insects feed on the fruits and use the dense branches for nesting and cover. Ornamental Use: Some species and cultivars of hawthorn are grown as ornamental plants for their attractive flowers, fruits, and fall foliage. Medicinal Uses: Hawthorn has a long history of medicinal use, particularly in traditional European and Native American medicine. It is used to support cardiovascular health and has antioxidant properties.

Conservation and Management: Many species of Crataegus are valued for their ecological role in providing wildlife habitat and their cultural significance in traditional medicine and folklore.

Cultural Significance: Hawthorn has cultural significance in folklore and mythology in various cultures. In European folklore, it is associated with fertility, protection, and love.

The flowers and fruits of hawthorn have been used in traditional celebrations and rituals, such as May Day festivities.

— Crataegus species, or hawthorns, are diverse and ecologically important plants with cultural and medicinal significance. They contribute to biodiversity, provide valuable ecosystem services, and are appreciated for their ornamental beauty and practical uses in various landscapes.

Elaeagnus angustifolia

Elaeagnus angustifolia, commonly known as Russian olive or oleaster. It is native to Eurasia and has been introduced to various parts of the world, including North America, where it is considered invasive in some regions.

Description and Characteristics: Leaves: The leaves of Russian olive are alternate, lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, and silvery-gray to green in color. They are covered with tiny scales that give them a shimmering appearance. Flowers: The flowers are small, pale yellow to silvery-white, and fragrant. They are clustered along the branches and bloom in late spring to early summer. Fruits: The fruits are small, oval-shaped drupes that ripen in late summer to early fall. They are initially silvery-gray and mature to a yellowish or orange color. The fruits are edible and have a sweet-tart flavor, although they are not widely cultivated for food. Bark and Twigs: The bark is grayish-brown with prominent lenticels. Growth Habit: Russian olive is a deciduous shrub or small tree that typically grows 3-7 meters (10-23 feet) tall, although it can occasionally reach up to 12 meters (40 feet) in height. It has a dense, spreading crown and is drought-tolerant.

Habitat and Distribution: Climate: Russian olive is adapted to a wide range of climates, from temperate to arid regions. It thrives in dry, sandy, or gravelly soils and is tolerant of alkaline conditions. Range: Native to Eurasia, Russian olive has been widely planted as an ornamental and windbreak tree. It has become naturalized and invasive in parts of North America, including the western United States and southern Canada.

Ecological and Economic Importance: Ecological Impact: Russian olive is considered invasive in many areas where it displaces native vegetation and alters habitat structure. It can form dense thickets along waterways, displacing native riparian species and reducing biodiversity. Wildlife Use: Despite its invasive nature, Russian olive provides habitat and food for wildlife. Birds and small mammals eat the fruits, and the dense thickets can provide cover and nesting sites. Erosion Control: Its dense root system helps stabilize soils, making it useful for erosion control in disturbed landscapes.

Uses and Management: Ornamental: Russian olive is still planted as an ornamental tree in some regions for its attractive foliage, fragrant flowers, and drought tolerance. However, its invasive potential should be carefully considered before planting. Wood: The wood of Russian olive is hard and durable, suitable for small woodworking projects, tool handles, and as firewood. Control and Eradication: Efforts to control Russian olive focus on mechanical removal, herbicide treatment, and promoting native vegetation restoration in invaded habitats.

— Russian olive, or Elaeagnus angustifolia, illustrates the complex dynamics of introduced species, providing both benefits and challenges in different ecological and cultural contexts. Management strategies aim to mitigate its negative impacts while recognizing its potential ecological functions and economic uses.

Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Fraxinus pennsylvanica, commonly known as green ash or red ash, is a species of ash native to eastern and central North America. It is a medium to large deciduous tree known for its adaptability, rapid growth, and ecological importance.

Description and Characteristics: Leaves: The leaves of green ash are compound and typically have 5-9 leaflets. Each leaflet is oval-shaped with serrated margins and a pointed tip. The leaves are dark green in summer and turn yellow or purplish-yellow in the fall before dropping. Bark: The bark of young green ash trees is smooth and grayish-brown, becoming furrowed and ridged with age. Flowers and Fruits: Green ash trees are dioecious, meaning individual trees produce either male or female flowers. The flowers are small, purple or greenish, and appear in clusters in spring before the leaves emerge. Female trees produce clusters of winged seeds (samara) that ripen in late summer or fall and are dispersed by wind. Growth Habit: It typically grows to a height of 12-25 meters (40-80 feet) tall, with a spread of 10-15 meters (30-50 feet). It has an oval to rounded crown with ascending branches.

Habitat and Distribution: Climate: Green ash is adaptable to a wide range of climates, from humid subtropical to semi-arid regions. It thrives in moist, well-drained soils but can tolerate periodic flooding and drought once established. Range: Native to eastern and central North America. It is particularly common in riparian zones, floodplains, and bottomland forests.

Ecological and Economic Importance: Wildlife Habitat: Green ash provides habitat and food for various wildlife species. Birds such as woodpeckers and warblers feed on insects attracted to the tree, while squirrels and other mammals consume its seeds. Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Foothills’.Wood: The wood of green ash is valued for its strength, flexibility, and shock resistance. It is used in construction, furniture-making, tool handles, and sporting goods. Urban Landscaping: Green ash is planted as a shade tree in urban and suburban landscapes due to its fast growth rate, tolerance to urban conditions, and attractive foliage.

Threats and Conservation: Green ash populations are threatened by the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis), an invasive insect that has caused significant mortality in ash trees across North America. Conservation efforts include breeding programs for developing resistant cultivars, promoting diversity in urban tree plantings, and monitoring populations in natural habitats.

Cultural Significance: Green ash has cultural significance among indigenous peoples and early settlers, who used the tree for a variety of practical purposes, including making baskets, tools, and medicinal remedies.

— Green ash, or Fraxinus pennsylvanica, is valued for its ecological role, economic importance, and cultural significance across its native range in North America. Conservation efforts are critical to preserving its populations and ensuring its continued contribution to biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Malus

Malus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rosaceae, which includes many species commonly known as apple trees and crabapples.

Description and Characteristics: Leaves: Generally oval-shaped with serrated edges, the leaves of Malus species vary in size and texture depending on the specific species and cultivar. Flowers: Most Malus species produce showy, fragrant flowers that are typically pink or white and bloom in spring. Fruit: The fruits of Malus species are known as apples or crabapples. They vary in size, color, and taste, ranging from sweet to tart. Apples are typically larger and often used for fresh eating or processing into cider or culinary dishes, while crabapples are smaller and usually more tart, often used in preserves or ornamental purposes.

Habitat and Distribution: Native Range: Malus species are native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including Asia, Europe, and North America. Cultivation: Many Malus species and cultivars are widely cultivated worldwide for their edible fruits, ornamental flowers, and attractive foliage. They are commonly grown in orchards, gardens, and landscapes.

Economic and Ecological Importance: Fruit Production: Apples (Malus domestica) are one of the most widely grown and economically important fruits globally. They are consumed fresh, processed into juices, sauces, and other food products, and are also used in cider production. Pollination: Apple trees are important for pollinators, including bees, which contribute to their fruit production and the maintenance of biodiversity in agricultural and natural landscapes. Ornamental Use: Some species and cultivars of Malus are grown primarily for their ornamental value, such as flowering crabapples (Malus floribunda, Malus ioensis), which are prized for their spring blooms and attractive fruits.

Conservation and Management: Wild Species Conservation: Efforts are underway to conserve wild species of Malus to preserve genetic diversity and ensure the resilience of cultivated varieties against pests, diseases, and climate change. Cultivation Practices: Sustainable agriculture practices, integrated pest management, and genetic breeding programs help ensure the continued productivity and health of apple orchards and other Malus species grown for various purposes.

— Malus species and cultivars are valued for their cultural, economic, and ecological significance, playing roles in agriculture, horticulture, and landscape design around the world.

Populus balsamifera

Populus balsamifera, commonly known as the balsam poplar or balm of Gilead, is a species of poplar native to North America and parts of Europe and Asia. It is a deciduous tree known for its resinous buds and fragrant foliage.

Description: Leaves: The leaves are broadly ovate to diamond-shaped, with serrated margins. They are typically 5-10 cm (2-4 inches) long and dark green in color, turning yellow to golden in the fall. Buds: The winter buds are resinous and aromatic, giving off a distinctive fragrance when crushed. This characteristic gives rise to the common name “balm of Gilead.” Bark: The bark is smooth and greenish-gray on young trees, becoming darker and deeply furrowed with age. Height: Balsam poplar trees typically grow to a height of 15-30 meters (50-100 feet) tall, with a spread of 10-15 meters (30-50 feet). Flowers and Seeds: The tree is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate trees. The flowers are in catkins that appear in early spring before the leaves emerge. The seeds are small capsules containing cottony fluff for wind dispersal.

Range and Habitat: Balsam poplar is native to North America, ranging from Alaska and northern Canada down through the northern United States. It is commonly found in riparian zones and other wetland habitats where its tolerance for moisture and flooding allows it to thrive. Soil: Balsam poplar thrives in moist to wet soils and is often found along riverbanks, floodplains, and other riparian areas. It is adapted to a variety of soil types, including clay and loam.

Ecological Importance: Wildlife: The tree provides habitat and food for various wildlife species. Its leaves are browsed by deer and other herbivores, while its seeds and buds are eaten by birds and small mammals. Erosion Control: Balsam poplar plays a role in stabilizing soil along waterways and preventing erosion, particularly in areas prone to flooding and soil disturbance. Shade and Shelter: The tree provides shade and shelter for aquatic and terrestrial wildlife, contributing to local biodiversity.

Practical Uses: Timber: The wood of balsam poplar is relatively soft and lightweight, used primarily for pulpwood, crates, and other utility purposes. It is less commonly used for furniture or construction due to its lower strength compared to hardwood species. Landscaping: The tree is sometimes planted in landscaping for its rapid growth and ability to establish quickly in moist soils. It can provide shade and visual interest in parks, gardens, and natural areas.

Conservation and Management: Balsam poplar is generally not under significant conservation threat, as it is adaptable and able to regenerate from seed and root suckers.

— Balsam poplar is valued for its ecological role in riparian ecosystems, its adaptability to wetland conditions, and its utility for various practical uses, making it an important component of northern North American landscapes.

Populus tremuloides

Populus tremuloides, commonly known as quaking aspen or trembling aspen, is a deciduous tree native to cooler regions of North America. It is renowned for its distinctive trembling leaves and is a prominent species in forests across the continent.

Description: Leaves: The leaves are nearly round, 4-8 cm (1.5-3 inches) in diameter, with finely serrated margins. They are shiny green in the spring and summer, turning yellow to golden in the fall. One of the most distinctive features of quaking aspen is its fluttering leaves that tremble and quiver in the slightest breeze, due to flattened leaf stalks. Bark: The bark is smooth and pale green to white on younger trees, becoming darker and furrowed with black scars on older trees. Height: Quaking aspen typically grows to a height of 20-25 meters (65-80 feet) tall, occasionally reaching up to 30 meters (100 feet). It forms clonal colonies through its root system, resulting in groves of genetically identical trees. Flowers and Seeds: The tree is dioecious, meaning male and female flowers are borne on separate trees. The flowers are catkins that appear in early spring before the leaves. The seeds are small capsules containing cottony fluff to aid wind dispersal.

Range and Habitat: Quaking aspen is native to North America and is found throughout Canada and the northern United States, extending south into higher elevations of the Rocky Mountains. It prefers cool climates and is often found in open, sunny areas. It is a pioneer species, able to colonize disturbed sites such as burned areas or clearcuts. Soil: It is adaptable to a wide range of soil types, including loam, sandy soils, and rocky substrates. but thrives best in moist to well-drained soils.

Ecological Importance: Wildlife: The tree provides habitat and food for a variety of wildlife. Its leaves are browsed by deer, moose, and other herbivores, while its seeds and buds are eaten by birds and small mammals. Erosion Control: Quaking aspen plays a crucial role in stabilizing soil and preventing erosion, particularly on slopes and in riparian areas. Succession: As a pioneer species, it helps initiate secondary succession in disturbed areas, paving the way for the establishment of more shade-tolerant species.

Cultural and Practical Uses: Timber: The wood of quaking aspen is soft and light, used primarily for pulpwood, plywood, and crates. It is not highly valued for furniture or construction due to its relatively low strength. Landscaping: Quaking aspen is valued in landscaping for its attractive foliage and distinctive appearance, particularly in regions where its quivering leaves can be appreciated.

Conservation and Management: Quaking aspen is relatively short-lived compared to other tree species, with individual stems typically living 50-150 years.

— Quaking aspen is not only ecologically important but also culturally significant, appreciated for its beauty and unique characteristics that contribute to the diversity and resilience of North American forests.

Prunus maackii

Prunus maackii, commonly known as the Manchurian cherry or Amur chokecherry, is a species of cherry native to eastern Asia, specifically China, Korea, and Japan. It is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree known for its attractive bark, flowers, and fruits.

Description: Leaves: The leaves are alternate, ovate to elliptic, with finely serrated edges. They are typically 5-10 cm (2-4 inches) long, dark green in color, and turn yellow to orange in the fall. Flowers: The tree produces small, white to creamy yellow flowers in dense clusters (racemes) in early to mid-spring. The flowers are fragrant and attractive to bees and other pollinators. Fruits: The fruit is a small cherry, about 6-8 mm (0.2-0.3 inches) in diameter, dark purple to black when ripe. The cherries are edible but tart and are often used in jams and preserves. Bark: One of the distinctive features of Prunus maackii is its smooth, shiny coppery-brown bark that peels in thin, papery strips, revealing lighter orange-brown inner bark. Height: Manchurian cherry trees typically grow to a height of 8-12 meters (25-40 feet) with a spread of 6-9 meters (20-30 feet).

Habitat and Range: Climate: It is native to temperate regions of eastern Asia and is hardy in USDA zones 3-7. Soil: The tree prefers well-drained, loamy soils but can tolerate a range of soil types, including sandy and clay soils. It prefers slightly acidic to neutral pH levels. Sunlight: Manchurian cherry trees prefer full sun but can tolerate partial shade.

Uses: Ornamental: It is valued in landscaping for its attractive bark, spring flowers, and ornamental fruit. Wildlife: The fruit is a food source for birds and small mammals, contributing to local wildlife diversity. Erosion Control: Manchurian cherry’s dense root system and ability to grow in a variety of soils make it useful for erosion control and stabilization of slopes.

Ecological Importance: Pollinators: The early spring flowers attract bees and other pollinators, supporting local ecosystem health. Wildlife Habitat: The tree provides food and cover for wildlife, enhancing biodiversity in natural landscapes.

Cultural Significance: Cultivation: Prunus maackii is cultivated not only for its ornamental value but also for its adaptability and ease of maintenance in gardens and urban landscapes.

Care and Maintenance: Pruning: Manchurian cherry trees generally require minimal pruning. Remove dead or diseased branches and prune for shape if necessary in late winter or early spring. Watering: Established trees are drought-tolerant once established but benefit from regular watering, especially during dry periods and in the first few years after planting. Pests and Diseases: Prunus maackii is generally resistant to major pests and diseases but can be affected by aphids, caterpillars, and fungal diseases under certain conditions.

Prunus maackii is appreciated for its aesthetic appeal, ecological benefits, and adaptability, making it a popular choice for landscapes and gardens where its ornamental features can be showcased and enjoyed throughout the seasons.

Prunus pensylvanica

Prunus pensylvanica, commonly known as the pin cherry or fire cherry, is a species of cherry native to North America. It is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree known for its ornamental value and ecological significance.

Description: Leaves: The leaves are alternate, oval to lanceolate, with finely serrated edges. They are typically 5-10 cm (2-4 inches) long, dark green in color, and turn yellow-orange in the fall. Flowers: The tree produces small, white flowers in upright clusters (racemes) in early spring. The flowers are an important early nectar source for bees and other pollinators. Fruits: The fruit is a small cherry, about 5-10 mm (0.2-0.4 inches) in diameter, red to dark purple when ripe. The cherries are edible but quite sour, often preferred by birds and wildlife. Bark: The bark is reddish-brown with horizontal lenticels when young, becoming darker and more roughened with age. Height: Pin cherry trees typically grow to a height of 5-15 meters (15-50 feet) with a spread of 3-6 meters (10-20 feet).

Habitat and Range: Climate: It is native to eastern North America and thrives in a variety of climates Soil: The tree is adaptable to a wide range of soil types but prefers well-drained, acidic soils. It can tolerate poor, sandy, or gravelly soils. Sunlight: Pin cherry trees prefer full sun but can tolerate partial shade.

Uses: Ornamental: It is valued in landscaping for its early spring flowers, attractive foliage, and bright red fruit. Wildlife: The fruit is a food source for a variety of birds, including grouse, robins, and waxwings, as well as mammals such as bears and foxes. Erosion Control: Pin cherry’s ability to colonize disturbed areas and grow quickly makes it useful for erosion control and reforestation of disturbed sites.

Ecological Importance: Pollinators: The early spring flowers attract bees and other pollinators, contributing to local biodiversity. Wildlife Habitat: The tree provides food and cover for wildlife, supporting forest ecosystems.

Cultural Significance: Historical Uses: Native American tribes used various parts of the pin cherry tree for medicinal purposes and as a source of food.

Care and Maintenance: Pruning: Pin cherry trees typically require minimal pruning. Remove dead or diseased branches as needed to maintain tree health and appearance. Watering: Established trees are drought-tolerant once established but benefit from supplemental watering during dry periods, especially in the first few years after planting. Pests and Diseases: Pin cherry trees are relatively free from major pests and diseases but can be affected by caterpillars, aphids, and fungal diseases in certain conditions.

— Pin cherry is valued not only for its ornamental qualities but also for its role in supporting wildlife and contributing to ecosystem health, making it a valuable addition to natural landscapes and gardens in its native range.

Pyrus ussuriensis

Pyrus ussuriensis, commonly known as the Ussurian pear or Harbin pear, is a species of pear tree native to eastern Asia, specifically the Ussuri River region between Russia and China.

Description: Leaves: The leaves are oval to elliptical, dark green, and glossy. They typically have serrated edges and are alternately arranged along the branches. Flowers: In spring, the tree produces clusters of creamy white flowers with a pleasant fragrance. The flowers attract pollinators such as bees. Fruits: The fruit is a small, round or pear-shaped pome that is yellow-green when immature and turns yellow with slight russeting as it ripens. The flesh is crisp and juicy, similar to other pear species. Bark: The bark is smooth and grayish-brown, becoming slightly rougher with age. Height: Pyrus ussuriensis can grow to a height of 10-15 meters (33-50 feet) with a spread of 8-12 meters (26-40 feet).

Habitat and Range: Climate: It thrives in temperate climates and is hardy in USDA zones 3-6. Soil: The tree prefers well-drained, loamy soils but can tolerate a range of soil types, including sandy and clay soils. It is adaptable to both acidic and alkaline conditions. Sunlight: Ussurian pear trees prefer full sun but can tolerate partial shade.

Uses: Edible Fruit: The fruits are edible and can be eaten fresh, used in cooking, or preserved. Ornamental: Pyrus ussuriensis is valued in landscaping for its attractive flowers in spring and its ornamental fruit that persists into winter. Wildlife: The fruits are a food source for birds and other wildlife.

Ecological Importance: Pollinators: The flowers attract bees and other pollinators, contributing to local biodiversity. Wildlife Habitat: The tree provides habitat and food for birds and small mammals.

Cultural Significance: Cultivation: Pyrus ussuriensis is cultivated not only for its fruit but also as a hardy ornamental tree in parks, gardens, and urban landscapes.

Care and Maintenance: Pruning: Prune to maintain shape and remove dead or diseased branches. Pruning is typically done in late winter to early spring. Watering: While established trees are moderately drought-tolerant, regular watering is beneficial, especially during dry periods and in the early years after planting. Pests and Diseases: Ussurian pear trees are generally resistant to common pear diseases and pests, making them relatively low maintenance.

— Pyrus ussuriensis is appreciated for its ornamental value, hardiness, and the utility of its fruit, making it a versatile and desirable tree for both residential and commercial landscapes.

Quercus ellipsoidalis

Quercus ellipsoidalis, commonly known as the Northern pin oak or Hill’s oak, is a species of oak native to North America, specifically found in the northeastern and north-central United States and southeastern Canada.

Description: Leaves: The leaves are typically 7-15 cm (3-6 inches) long and 5-10 cm (2-4 inches) wide, with 5-7 deep lobes that are bristle-tipped. The leaves are dark green and glossy on the upper surface, and paler with tufts of hair along the veins on the lower surface. Acorns: The acorns are oval to ellipsoid in shape, about 1-2.5 cm (0.5-1 inch) long, and sit in a shallow, saucer-shaped cup (cupule) that covers about a third to half of the nut. Acorns take about two years to mature and are an important food source for wildlife. Bark: The bark is gray to brown, smooth when young, becoming rough and scaly with age. Height: Northern pin oaks typically grow to a height of 15-20 meters (50-65 feet) with a spread of 10-15 meters (35-50 feet).

Habitat and Range: Climate: They are adapted to a range of climates, from humid continental to subhumid, and can tolerate colder temperatures. Soil: Northern pin oaks prefer acidic, well-drained soils but can tolerate various soil types, including sandy and clay soils. Sunlight: They prefer full sun but can tolerate partial shade.

Uses: Ornamental: Northern pin oaks are valued as ornamental trees for their attractive foliage and distinctive growth habit. Wildlife: The acorns are an important food source for a variety of wildlife, including squirrels, deer, turkeys, and various bird species. The tree also provides habitat and nesting sites for birds and small mammals.

Ecological Importance: Erosion Control: The extensive root system helps stabilize soil, making Northern pin oaks useful for erosion control, particularly on slopes and near waterways

Cultural Significance: Historical Uses: Native American tribes used various parts of the Northern pin oak for medicinal purposes, food, and materials for tools and crafts.

Care and Maintenance: Pruning: Minimal pruning is generally needed to remove dead or damaged branches and to shape the tree when young. Watering: While established trees are drought-tolerant, young trees benefit from regular watering, especially during dry periods, to encourage healthy root development. Pests and Diseases: Northern pin oaks are relatively resistant to pests and diseases but can be affected by oak wilt, powdery mildew, and various insects like borers and caterpillars.

— Northern pin oaks are valuable trees in landscapes, parks, and natural areas, providing shade, habitat, and aesthetic appeal while contributing to ecological health and biodiversity.

Quercus macrocarpa

Quercus macrocarpa, commonly known as the bur oak, is a species of oak native to North America. It is a large deciduous tree known for its distinctive acorns and deeply lobed leaves.

Description: Leaves: The leaves are large, typically 15-30 cm (6-12 inches) long and 10-20 cm (4-8 inches) wide. They are deeply lobed with rounded tips and often have wavy margins. The upper surface is dark green, while the lower surface is lighter and hairy. Acorns: The acorns are the largest of all North American oaks, with a cap that covers about a third of the nut. They are oval-shaped and can be up to 5 cm (2 inches) long. Acorns mature in one season and are an important food source for wildlife. Bark: The bark is rough, deeply furrowed, and grayish-brown in color, becoming more rugged and deeply ridged with age. Height: Bur oaks typically grow to a height of 18-24 meters (60-80 feet) with a spread of 18-24 meters (60-80 feet).

Habitat and Range: Climate: They are native to central and eastern North America and thrive in a variety of climates, from humid to semi-arid regions. Soil: Bur oaks are adaptable to different soil types but prefer deep, well-drained soils. They are tolerant of alkaline soils and can withstand periodic flooding. Sunlight: They grow best in full sun but can tolerate partial shade.

Uses: Ornamental: Bur oaks are valued as shade trees and for their ornamental features, including their large leaves and distinctive bark. Wildlife: The acorns provide food for a wide range of wildlife, including deer, squirrels, turkeys, and various bird species. The tree also offers habitat and nesting sites for birds and small mammals.

Ecological Importance: Erosion Control: The extensive root system helps stabilize soil, making bur oaks valuable for erosion control, especially on slopes and near waterways.

Cultural Significance: Historical Uses: Native American tribes used various parts of the bur oak tree for medicinal purposes, food, and materials for tools and crafts.

Care and Maintenance: Pruning: Minimal pruning is generally needed to remove dead or damaged branches and to shape the tree when young. Watering: While established trees are drought-tolerant, young trees benefit from regular watering, especially during dry periods, to encourage healthy root development. Pests and Diseases: Bur oaks are relatively resistant to pests and diseases but can be affected by oak wilt, powdery mildew, and various insects like borers and caterpillars.

— Bur oaks are iconic trees in North American landscapes, prized for their resilience, beauty, and ecological benefits. They are a valuable addition to parks, large gardens, and natural areas, providing shade, habitat, and aesthetic appeal.

Salix pentandra

Salix pentandra, commonly known as the bay willow or laurel willow, is a species of willow in the Salicaceae family. It is native to northern and central Europe and parts of Asia and is noted for its attractive, glossy leaves and hardy nature.

Description: Leaves: The leaves are simple, alternate, and lanceolate to ovate with finely serrated edges. They are dark green and shiny on the upper surface, resembling bay leaves, hence the common name. The leaves emit a balsam-like fragrance when crushed. Flowers: The flowers are small, yellow-green catkins that appear in late spring to early summer. They are dioecious, meaning male and female flowers are on separate trees. Bark: The bark is smooth and gray-brown on young stems, becoming more fissured with age. Height: Salix pentandra typically grows to a height of 6-10 meters (20-33 feet) with a spread of 4-8 meters (13-26 feet).

Habitat and Growth: Climate: It thrives in cool to temperate climates and is hardy in USDA zones 3-7. Soil: The tree prefers moist, well-drained soils but can tolerate a range of soil types, including clay, loam, and sandy soils. It often grows in wet areas such as riverbanks, lakeshores, and wetlands. Sunlight: Bay willow grows best in full sun but can tolerate partial shade.

Uses: Ornamental: It is popular in landscaping for its glossy leaves and attractive form. It is often planted near water features, in gardens, and in parklands. Erosion Control: The tree’s extensive root system makes it effective for stabilizing soil and preventing erosion, particularly along waterways.

Ecological Importance: Pollinators: The flowers attract bees and other pollinators, supporting local ecosystems. Wildlife: The leaves and young shoots are a food source for various insects and herbivores. The tree also provides habitat and cover for birds and other wildlife.

Cultural Significance: Traditional Uses: Historically, the leaves and bark of Salix pentandra were used in folk medicine for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.

Care and Maintenance: Pruning: Regular pruning helps maintain the tree’s shape and encourages healthy growth. Remove dead or damaged branches to prevent disease. Watering: Adequate watering is important, especially during dry periods, to support healthy growth. Pests and Diseases: Bay willow can be affected by pests such as aphids, caterpillars, and sawflies. It can also be susceptible to diseases like willow blight and rust. Regular monitoring and appropriate treatments can help manage these issues.

— Salix pentandra is valued for its aesthetic appeal and ecological benefits, making it a desirable choice for gardens, parks, and natural landscapes, particularly in areas with moist soil conditions.

Sorbus americana

Sorbus americana, commonly known as the American mountain ash, is a species of deciduous tree or shrub in the Rosaceae family. It is native to eastern North America and is known for its ornamental value, attractive foliage, and bright red berries.

Description: Leaves: The leaves are pinnate, typically comprising 11-17 lance-shaped leaflets with finely serrated edges. They are dark green during the growing season and turn shades of yellow, orange, and red in the fall. Flowers: The white flowers are small, arranged in flat-topped clusters (corymbs), and bloom in late spring to early summer. Fruits: The bright red berries (pomes) are produced in dense clusters and ripen in late summer to autumn. They are a significant ornamental feature and often persist into winter. Height: Sorbus americana typically grows to a height of 4.5-12 meters (15-40 feet) with a spread of 4.5-6 meters (15-20 feet).

Habitat and Growth. Climate: It thrives in cool to temperate climates and is hardy in USDA zones 2-6. Soil: The tree prefers moist, well-drained, acidic to neutral soils but can tolerate a range of soil types. Sunlight: American mountain ash grows best in full sun to partial shade. Range: Its native range extends from Newfoundland to Manitoba.

Uses: Ornamental: It is popular in landscaping for its attractive foliage, white flowers, and bright red berries, which provide visual interest throughout the seasons. Wildlife Gardens: Its berries are a valuable food source for birds and mammals, making it a good choice for wildlife-friendly gardens.

Ecological Importance: Pollinators: The flowers attract bees, butterflies, and other pollinators. Wildlife: The berries are eaten by a variety of bird species, including robins, cedar waxwings, and grouse, as well as by small mammals. The tree provides habitat and food for various insects.

Cultural Significance: Native Plantings: Sorbus americana is often used in native plant gardens and restoration projects due to its ecological value and adaptability to local conditions.

Care and Maintenance: Pruning: Minimal pruning is required, primarily to remove dead or diseased branches and to maintain shape. Watering: Regular watering is important, especially during dry periods, to support healthy growth. Pests and Diseases: American mountain ash can be affected by pests such as aphids, sawflies, and diseases like fire blight and leaf spot. However, it is generally less susceptible than some other Sorbus species.

— Sorbus americana is valued for its striking appearance and ecological benefits, making it a desirable choice for gardens, parks, and natural landscapes where its ornamental and wildlife-friendly attributes can be fully appreciated.

Sorbus aucuparia

Sorbus aucuparia, commonly known as the rowan, mountain ash, or European rowan, is a species of deciduous tree or shrub in the Rosaceae family. It is native to most of Europe and parts of Asia and is widely cultivated for its ornamental value, hardiness, and ecological benefits.

Description. Leaves: The leaves are pinnate, typically comprising 9-15 leaflets with serrated edges. They are green during the growing season and turn vibrant shades of yellow and red in the fall. Flowers: The white flowers are small and arranged in dense, flat-topped clusters (corymbs). They bloom in late spring to early summer and have a slightly unpleasant smell. Fruits: The bright red or orange berries (pomes) are produced in clusters and ripen in late summer to autumn. They are often retained on the tree into winter. Height: Sorbus aucuparia can grow to a height of 10-15 meters (33-50 feet) with a spread of 7-10 meters (23-33 feet).

Habitat and Growth. Climate: It thrives in cool to temperate climates and is very hardy, tolerating a wide range of conditions. Soil: The tree prefers well-drained, acidic to neutral soils but can adapt to various soil types, including poor and rocky soils. Sunlight: Sorbus aucuparia grows best in full sun to partial shade.

Uses. Ornamental: The rowan is popular in landscaping for its attractive foliage, flowers, and berries, and its striking autumn colors. Culinary: The berries, though bitter when raw, can be used to make jellies, jams, wines, and spirits. They are also used in some traditional dishes after cooking to reduce bitterness. Medicinal: Historically, parts of the tree have been used in folk medicine for their supposed health benefits, including treatments for scurvy and digestive issues.

Ecological Importance. Wildlife: The flowers attract pollinators such as bees, while the berries are a valuable food source for birds and small mammals, especially in winter.

Biodiversity: The tree supports a variety of insects and contributes to the biodiversity of forest and urban ecosystems.

Cultural Significance. Folklore and Mythology: The rowan tree is associated with protection and magic in various cultures. It has been used historically as a charm against witches and evil spirits. Symbolism: In Celtic mythology, the rowan is considered a symbol of life and protection.

Care and Maintenance. Pruning: Minimal pruning is required, primarily to maintain shape and remove dead or diseased wood. Pests and Diseases: Sorbus aucuparia can be affected by pests such as aphids, scale insects, and diseases like fire blight, powdery mildew, and canker.

— Sorbus aucuparia is valued for its beauty, ecological benefits, and cultural significance, making it a cherished tree in gardens, parks, and natural landscapes.

Sorbus decora

Sorbus decora, commonly known as the showy mountain ash, is a species of deciduous tree or shrub in the Rosaceae family. It is native to North America, particularly in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada.

Description. Leaves: The leaves are pinnate, usually consisting of 11-17 leaflets that are lanceolate to oblong, with serrated edges. They are dark green during the growing season and turn vibrant shades of red, orange, and yellow in the fall. Flowers: The white flowers are small, produced in large, flat-topped clusters (corymbs) in late spring to early summer. Fruits: The bright red berries (pomes) are showy and are produced in dense clusters. They ripen in late summer and often persist into winter. Height: Sorbus decora typically grows to a height of 6-12 meters (20-40 feet) with a spread of 4-8 meters (13-26 feet).

Habitat and Growth. Climate: It thrives in cool to temperate climates and is hardy in USDA zones 2-6. Soil: The tree prefers well-drained, acidic to neutral soils but can tolerate a range of soil types, including sandy and rocky soils. Sunlight: Showy mountain ash grows best in full sun to partial shade.

Uses. Ornamental: It is popular in landscaping for its attractive foliage, abundant flowers, and bright berries, which provide visual interest throughout the seasons. Wildlife Gardens: Its berries are a valuable food source for birds and mammals, making it a good choice for wildlife-friendly gardens.

Ecological Importance. Pollinators: The flowers attract bees, butterflies, and other pollinators. Wildlife: The berries are eaten by a variety of bird species, including waxwings, thrushes, and grouse, as well as by small mammals.

Cultural Significance. Native Plantings: Sorbus decora is often used in native plant gardens and restoration projects due to its ecological value and adaptability to local conditions.

Care and Maintenance. Pruning: Minimal pruning is required, primarily to remove dead or diseased branches and to maintain shape. Watering: Regular watering is important, especially during dry periods, to support healthy growth. Pests and Diseases: Showy mountain ash can be affected by pests such as aphids, sawflies, and diseases like fire blight and leaf spot. However, it is generally less susceptible than some other Sorbus species.

— Sorbus decora is valued for its striking appearance and ecological benefits, making it a desirable choice for gardens, parks, and natural landscapes where its ornamental and wildlife-friendly attributes can be fully appreciated.

Syringa reticulata

Syringa reticulata, commonly known as the Japanese tree lilac, is a species of flowering plant in the Oleaceae (olive) family. It is native to eastern Asia, including Japan, Korea, and parts of China, and is widely cultivated for its ornamental value.

Description. Leaves: The leaves are simple, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, with a pointed tip and a smooth or finely serrated margin. They are dark green and have a reticulated (net-like) vein pattern. Flowers: The creamy-white flowers are small and fragrant, produced in large, dense, conical panicles that can be up to 30 cm (12 inches) long. They bloom in late spring to early summer. Bark: The bark is gray to brown with prominent horizontal lenticels (small, corky pores) that give it a distinctive appearance. Height: Syringa reticulata typically grows to a height of 7-10 meters (23-33 feet) with a spread of 6-8 meters (20-26 feet).

Habitat and Growth. Climate: It thrives in temperate climates and is hardy in USDA zones 3-7. Soil: The tree prefers well-drained, fertile soils but is adaptable to various soil types, including alkaline soils. Sunlight: Japanese tree lilac grows best in full sun but can tolerate light shade.

Syringa reticulata ‘Ivory Silk’

Uses. Ornamental: It is popular in landscaping for its attractive flowers, pleasant fragrance, and manageable size. It is often planted as a specimen tree, in groups, or as a street tree. Urban Tolerance: The tree is known for its tolerance to urban pollution and compacted soils, making it suitable for city environments.

Ecological Importance. Pollinators: The flowers attract bees, butterflies, and other pollinators, supporting local ecosystems. Wildlife: While not a primary food source, the tree can provide shelter and nesting sites for birds.

Care and Maintenance. Pruning: Minimal pruning is required, primarily to remove dead or crossing branches and to maintain shape. Pruning should be done after flowering to avoid cutting off next year’s flower buds. Watering: Regular watering is important, especially during dry periods, to support healthy growth. Pests and Diseases: Syringa reticulata is relatively resistant to most pests and diseases but can occasionally be affected by powdery mildew, scale insects, and borers.

— Syringa reticulata stands out as a versatile and hardy tree that brings beauty and fragrance to urban and suburban landscapes. Its adaptability and low maintenance requirements make it a popular choice for gardeners and city planners alike.

Tilia americana

Tilia americana, commonly known as the American basswood, American linden, or simply basswood, is a species of tree in the Malvaceae family. It is native to eastern North America and is appreciated for its large size, attractive foliage, and fragrant flowers.

Description. Leaves: The leaves are large, heart-shaped with serrated edges, and asymmetrical at the base. They are dark green on the upper surface and lighter beneath. Flowers: The creamy-yellow, fragrant flowers are produced in drooping clusters (cymes) and bloom in early summer. They are highly attractive to bees. Height: Tilia americana can grow up to 20-35 meters (65-115 feet) tall.

Habitat and Growth. Climate: It is adapted to temperate climates and prefers moist, well-drained soils. It can tolerate a range of soil types including loamy, sandy, and clay soils. Sunlight: The tree grows best in full sun to partial shade. Range: Its native range extends from southeastern Canada through the eastern United States to the central United States.

Uses. Timber: The wood of Tilia americana is soft, light, and easily worked, making it ideal for carving, furniture, veneer, and musical instruments. Medicinal: The flowers and inner bark have been used in traditional medicine to treat colds, coughs, fevers, and other ailments. Ornamental: Due to its large, attractive form and fragrant flowers, it is often planted as an ornamental tree in parks, gardens, and along streets.

Ecological Importance. Pollinators: The flowers are an important nectar source for bees and other pollinators. Honey produced from basswood nectar is highly prized. Wildlife: The tree provides habitat and food for various species of birds and insects. The leaves are also a food source for caterpillars of several butterfly species.

Cultural Significance. Symbolism: The American basswood is often associated with endurance and resilience. Native American tribes utilized various parts of the tree for medicinal and practical purposes.

Care and Maintenance. Pruning: Regular pruning is recommended to maintain its shape and remove any dead or diseased wood. Pests and Diseases: Tilia americana can be susceptible to aphids, Japanese beetles, and certain fungal diseases like powdery mildew. However, it is generally a hardy tree.

— Tilia americana is valued for its versatility, ecological benefits, and beauty, making it a popular choice for both urban and rural landscapes.

Tilia cordata

Tilia cordata, commonly known as the small-leaved lime, littleleaf linden, or simply linden, is a species of tree in the Malvaceae family. It is native to much of Europe and western Asia and is widely cultivated in North America and other regions for its aesthetic and practical uses.

Description. Leaves: The leaves are heart-shaped, asymmetrical at the base, and serrated at the edges. They are dark green above and lighter below. Flowers: The small, fragrant, yellowish-white flowers are produced in clusters and are known for attracting bees. They typically bloom in early summer. Height: Tilia cordata can grow up to 20-40 meters (65-130 feet) tall with a broad, rounded crown.

Habitat and Growth. Climate: It thrives in temperate climates and prefers well-drained, fertile soils but can tolerate a range of soil types. Sunlight: The tree grows best in full sun to partial shade.

Uses. Timber: The wood of Tilia cordata is light and fine-grained, making it suitable for carving, musical instruments, and furniture. Medicinal: Traditionally, parts of the tree, especially the flowers, have been used in herbal medicine to treat colds, coughs, and other respiratory issues due to their soothing properties. Ornamental: It is commonly planted as an ornamental tree in parks, gardens, and along streets due to its attractive foliage and fragrant flowers.

Ecological Importance. Pollinators: The flowers are highly attractive to bees and other pollinators, making Tilia cordata an important tree for supporting local ecosystems and biodiversity. Wildlife: The tree also provides habitat and food for various birds and insects.

Cultural Significance. Mythology and Symbolism: In various cultures, the linden tree is associated with love, fertility, and protection. It has been revered in European folklore and mythology.

Care and Maintenance. Pruning: Regular pruning helps maintain its shape and health. Dead or diseased branches should be removed. Pests and Diseases: The tree is generally resistant to pests and diseases, but it can occasionally be affected by aphids, leaf miners, and fungal infections.

— Tilia cordata is valued for its beauty, practical uses, and ecological benefits, making it a popular choice for urban and rural planting schemes.

Ulmus americana

Ulmus americana, commonly known as the American elm or white elm, is a species of tree in the Ulmaceae family. It is native to eastern North America and is known for its majestic, vase-shaped growth habit and historical significance in urban landscapes.

Description. Leaves: The leaves are ovate to oblong, with doubly serrated edges and an asymmetrical base. They are dark green above and lighter beneath, turning yellow in the fall. Flowers: The small, inconspicuous flowers are greenish-red and appear in early spring before the leaves emerge. Fruits: The fruit is a flat, oval samara with a single seed in the center, maturing in late spring. Height: Ulmus americana can grow to a height of 20-30 meters (65-100 feet) or more, with a broad canopy spread.

Habitat and Growth. Climate: It thrives in temperate climates and is highly adaptable to various environmental conditions. Soil: The tree prefers moist, well-drained, fertile soils but can tolerate a range of soil types including clay, silt, and sandy soils. Sunlight: American elm grows best in full sun to partial shade. Range: Its native range extends from Nova Scotia west to Alberta and Montana.

Uses. Ornamental: The American elm is highly valued as a shade and street tree due to its graceful, arching form and dense foliage. Timber: The wood is strong and flexible, used in furniture, flooring, and veneer production.

Ecological Importance. Wildlife: The tree provides habitat and food for various bird species, insects, and mammals. Its dense canopy offers nesting sites and shelter.

Cultural Significance. Historical: The American elm was once a dominant tree in many North American cities and towns, valued for its beauty and durability. It lined streets, shaded parks, and framed public spaces, becoming a symbol of American urban design. Symbolism: The tree is often associated with strength, resilience, and endurance.

Challenges and Conservation. Dutch Elm Disease (DED): A fungal disease spread by elm bark beetles has devastated American elm populations since the mid-20th century. Efforts to control the spread include breeding disease-resistant varieties and implementing management practices. Pests: Other pests such as the elm leaf beetle and elm yellows also pose threats to the tree’s health.

Care and Maintenance. Pruning: Regular pruning is essential to remove dead or diseased branches and to maintain the tree’s structure and health. Watering: Adequate watering is important, especially during dry periods, to support the tree’s growth and vigor. Disease Management: Monitoring for signs of Dutch elm disease and other pests is crucial. Preventative treatments and timely removal of infected trees help reduce the spread.

— Ulmus americana remains an important and beloved tree in North America, celebrated for its historic and aesthetic contributions despite the challenges it faces from disease and pests.

Deciduous Trees